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Fuel oil, a petroleum product used for heating and power generation, is classified into distinct grades based on its viscosity and sulfur content. 

Fuel oil is a dense petroleum product with high viscosity, commonly employed as an energy source in industrial settings, heating systems, and power generation.

Each grade has different properties and is designed for specific applications, such as marine fuel, industrial heating, or power generation. 

• Light fuel oil (No. 1): It’s also known as kerosene, has low viscosity and a relatively low sulfur content. It is commonly used for heating, lighting, and jet engines. 
• Medium fuel oil (No. 2): it has moderate viscosity and a slightly higher sulfur content than No. 1 fuel oil. It is used in heating systems and diesel engines. 
• Heavy fuel oil (No. 4): It has medium viscosity and a higher sulfur content than No. 2 fuel oil. It is used in commercial and industrial sectors for power generation, heating large structures, and industrial boilers. 
• Very heavy fuel oil (No. 5): It has high viscosity and a higher sulfur content than No. 4 fuel oil. It is used in industrial boilers, power plants, and marine settings. 
• Ultra-heavy fuel oil (No. 6): It’s also known as Bunker C fuel oil, has the highest viscosity and sulfur content of all fuel oil grades. It is used in marine applications, large-scale power generation, and industrial boilers. 

The classification of fuel oil grades is based on their properties to ensure compliance with the specific requirements of various heating and combustion systems, environmental regulations, and efficiency standards. Additives and treatments can be applied to enhance the performance and stability of fuel oils, particularly in specific applications like marine fuel oil.